The intestinal microbiome has become intensely investigated as its role in health has become increasingly evident. An important factor of understanding the gut microbiome lies in unravelling the means by which it may be modulated. Although parameters such as diet, medication use, and living environment are well established as modifiers of the microbiome, recent evidence suggests a role of physical activity (i.e., exercise) as one such factor. In conjunction with novel insights on dietary contributions, the session will present evidence for physical activity and whey protein supplementation as influencing agents of the structure and function of the human gut microbiome.