Calcium and vitamin D are among the key nutrients contributing to growth and bone development. It is estimated that approximately 40 to 50% of consumed calcium comes from fluid milk and approximately an additional 20% from other dairy sources. Building peak bone mass to optimal levels during childhood and adolescence will reduce the risk of fracture later in life. A National Osteoporosis Position Statement evaluated the strength of the lifestyle factors on developing peak bone mass (Weaver et al., Osteoporosis International 2016). Dietary calcium and physical activity have the strongest level of evidence for positive effect followed by dairy intake and vitamin D. Later in life, the goal of lifestyle modification is to reduce bone loss. Calcium and vitamin D have been the most studied nutrients partly because they are most often deficient. The reported effectiveness of added calcium and vitamin D from food, beverages, or supplements is mixed. Increased calcium intake has not led to lower body weight unless as part of a weight loss diet. Evidence of the recent concern of high calcium intakes on soft tissue calcification is considered insufficient to alter public health recommendations. It is prudent to have a diet that includes adequate amounts of calcium. Cow’s milk and dairy products are nutrient dense and bioavailable sources.