This study aimed to quantify the prevalence and level of antibiotic residues (AR) of dry-cow therapies in colostrum fed to calves and in their feces and to evaluate the association between these residues and extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in calf feces. On 10 dairy farms, colostrum samples were taken from the 1st to the 5th bucket (milking) that was fed to the new born calves. The colostrum originated from 87 cows: 20 cows dried off with 500 mg cloxacillin, 38 with 600 mg cloxacillin and 29 dried off with no antibiotics. Fecal samples were taken from then calves on 1, 7 and 14 d of age. The colostrum samples and the d 7 fecal samples were evaluated for the presence and level of AR using a microbiological screening method and subsequently by LC-MS. All samples were screened for E. coli with non-wild-type susceptibility for cefotaxime (MIC >0.25 mg/L) and isolates were confirmed phenotypically as ESBL/AmpC-producing by the combination disc-diffusion test using cefotaxime and ceftazidime with and without clavulanic acid and cefoxitin. In 60% (CI 47–73%) of the colostrum samples of cows dried off with cloxacillin, cloxacillin residues were detected. The median concentration in the 1st milking was 148µg/kg and in a pooled sample of the 2–5th milking 67µg/kg. AR levels did not differ between cows treated with 500 or 600 mg cloxacillin. No AR were found in the fecal calf samples. Two out of 173 colostrum samples (2%, CI: 0–8%) tested positive for ESBL/AmpC E.coli, both were pooled samples from the 2–5th milking from cows treated with cloxacillin. ESBL/AmpC-E.coli were isolated from 12% (CI 6–20%) d 1 fecal samples, from 38% (CI 28–49%) d 7 samples, and from 35% (CI 24–47%) d 14 samples. No significant association was found between the dry cow treatment with cloxacillin or the presence of antimicrobial residues in the colostrum and the presence or amount of ESBL/AmpC E.coli in calf fecal samples. This in line with the fact that cloxacillin is not selecting for ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli.