Uterine diseases affect 25% of dairy cows in the US and often develop from retention of the placenta (RP). One of the major causes of RP is an impairment of the inflammatory responses at the uterine-placenta junction. The dysregulation of certain components of the immune system, including macrophages and neutrophils, appears to trigger RP. Immunomodulatory cytokines such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), and macrophage CSF (M-CSF) alter phagocytic cells function and increase their circulating numbers in dairy cows. However, their effect on the inflammatory responses that trigger placental expulsion is currently unknown. Transcriptional studies were performed to determine the effects of G-CSF, GM-CSF, and M-CSF on the gene expression of markers of immune cell phenotype and function at the uterine-placenta junction. Caruncles were collected transvaginally from singleton-bearing multiparous cows (n = 7) at 1–2 h after calving. Caruncle apexes were dissected and then exposed to 50 and 500 ng/gram of caruncle of recombinant bovine CSFs: G-CSF (Elanco Animal Health), GM-CSF and M-CSF (Kingfisher Biotech), and a vehicle control (CON) for 3 h at 37°C. Gene expression data were analyzed using lognormal distributions and pairwise comparisons. Independently of the dose, caruncles exposed to all CSFs increased the expression of TNFA, IL8, and IL10 compared with CON (P < 0.05). G-CSF and M-CSF, at both doses, enhanced the expression of CCL24, a neutrophil chemoattractant, MMP9, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase 9, compared with those exposed to GM-CSF, and CON (P < 0.05). G-CSF tended to increase the transcription of STAT3, a key regulator of the proteolytic activity, compared with GM-CSF and CON (P = 0.06). In contrast to the pro-inflammatory transcriptional patterns exerted by G-CSF, GM-CSF at both doses decreased the expression of the mature macrophage markers CD68 and CD14 compared with CON and the other CSF. Collectively, these findings suggest that G-CSF may promote inflammatory responses at the uterine caruncle immediately after calving by enhancing chemotaxis and by triggering proteolytic activity.