The primary objective of this study was to identify cow-level risk factors associated with the occurrence of subclinical and clinical mastitis, regardless of environmental or contagious pathogens responsible for the propagation of the disease. Mastitis prevalence was evaluated by parity across 6 key physiological time points in lactation: 0 to 1 d in milk (DIM), 3 to 5 DIM, 10 to 14 DIM, 50 to 60 DIM, 90 to 110 DIM, and 210 to 230 DIM. Cows were scored for front and rear teat length, width, shape, and orientation, fore udder attachment, udder cleft, udder depth, rear udder height, and rear udder width. Two independent multivariable logistic regression models were used to generate odds ratios (OR) for farmer-diagnosed clinical mastitis and linear somatic cell score-based subclinical mastitis. We identified that loose fore udder attachment (OR = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1 to 2.2), and teat end shape by parity significantly increased the odds of a subclinical mastitis event, while centrally placed front teats decreased the odds of a subclinical event compared with medially pointing front teats (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5 – 0.9). Loose fore udder attachment (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.2 to 11.9), flat teat end shape (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0 to 2.6), front teat width (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0 – 3.3), and rear teat width (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0 – 4.4) significantly increased the odds of a clinical mastitis event. In this study cohort, loose fore udder attachment and flat teat ends were identified having a significant role in elevated risk of both clinical and subclinical mastitis. In addition, front and rear teat width increased the risk of clinical mastitis. The identification of these cow-level risk factors for mastitis can provide farmers an effective and inexpensive tool to manage mastitis.